Esperanca, an adolescent, gave birth to her first child at age 15. She had to receive a cesarean section. © UNFPA Mozambique/Mbuto Machili — *Esperanca, gave birth to her first child at age 15. She had to receive a cesarean section. © UNFPA Mozambique/Mbuto Machili*

Pregnancy and childbirth complications are the global leading causes of death for teenage girls – but there is so much that people don’t understand about adolescent pregnancy. Today, we’re defining the term adolescent, looking at some common causes for young pregnancy, and exploring the harms that early pregnancy causes to girls.

Who are adolescents?

Adolescence is the transitional phase between childhood and adulthood – a phase that begins around the same time as puberty. Often, this refers to the ages of 10-19, when children experience a series of physical and psychological changes.

Adolescent pregnancy refers to a pregnancy in a girl who is still in this transitional phase. The term is also used interchangeably with “teenage pregnancy”, a term that we find more accessible.

Fran was 13 when was became pregnant. She shares how adolescent pregnancy changed her life. © UNFPA Paraguay — *“I was a teenager who had many dreams and goals; I wanted to conquer the world. Then, a totally unexpected pregnancy arrived.” Fran was 13 when was became pregnant. © UNFPA Paraguay*

**Teen mothers are not to blame**

One of the most damaging misconceptions about adolescent pregnancy is that it is the girl’s fault for getting pregnant. Not only do girls in other societies and cultures often lack autonomy to refuse sex, but teenage pregnancy is also an indication of lack of access to contraceptives or knowledge of family planning.

Here are some of the most common causes of teenage pregnancy:

Child marriage

Child marriage is often the precursor to adolescent pregnancy – in fact, approximately 90% of young mothers are also child brides. The reasons for child marriage are as varied as they are complicated – but one truth that remains consistent is that it strips away a girl’s autonomy and she is more likely to face abuse at the hands of her partner.

Once a girl becomes a bride, she will then face intense cultural pressure to have children, regardless of her age. In some cultures, child brides will even be kept from resources and information that could keep them protected from pregnancy.

1 in 5 women alive today were married as children.

Quetzali was forced into a union at age 15 and became pregnant soon afterward. Adolescent pregnancy changed her life. © UNFPA Guatemala — “I didn’t want to, but he and my aunt insisted. At first, my parents did not agree with the union, but he offered $650 if I dropped out of school. My parents were finally convinced. We were also in great need of money, so I accepted the union.” Quetzali was forced into a union at age 15 and became pregnant soon afterward. © UNFPA Guatemala

Sexual violence

Tragically, sexually abuse contributes to a large portion of adolescent pregnancies as well. Worldwide, 1 in 5 women report having been sexually abused as a child. In some nations, 1 in 3 girls have reported that their first sexual experience was either unwanted or coerced. In the case of domestic abuse, women and girls who are married are 53% less likely to use contraception.

In some nations, such as Uganda, when a man rapes a woman, he must then take her on as his wife, perpetuating a lifelong cycle of abuse. In other cultures where fertility is considered desirable, girls can be coerced to participate in sexual initiation practices as well.

When a girl is sexually abused, she loses her right to safety, dignity, autonomy, and respect. And yet, many societies blame girls for becoming victims – and becoming pregnant at a young age only adds fuel to the fire.

Lack of access and information

Half of all pregnancies in the world are unintended – but it isn’t because women and girls aren’t trying to avoid pregnancy. Right now, 218 million women and girls around the world who want to avoid pregnancy are unable to access modern and effective contraceptives. Lack of access to family planning, lack of information about contraceptives (including myths about side effects), and community discouragement are all factors that play into this shocking statistic.

For girls who are just beginning to explore their identities and sexuality, stigmas around sex can be especially harmful. In some cultures, teenage girls are told that they are too young to engage in sex, while simultaneously being encouraged, if not forced, into child marriages where sex is the expectation. The result is teenage girls across the globe being kept from information both about contraception and their own rights.

María speaks with UNFPA Executive Director Dr. Natalia Kanem about how adolescent pregnancy has changed her life. © UNFPA/Jorge Luis Baños — “This pregnancy was a surprise. At first it scared me, because it was something too hard for me. I never thought I would be pregnant at this age, because I wanted to graduate and then have my children.” María shared these words with UNFPA Executive Director Dr. Natalia Kanem. © UNFPA/Jorge Luis Baños

The dangers of adolescent pregnancy

The consequences of unintended pregnancy, especially for girls who are still children themselves, are too often disabling – and sometimes deadly. Every year, 12 million girls become pregnant. Of that number nearly 4 million girls attempt unsafe abortions, and this desperate attempt claims the lives of too many.

Adolescent girls experiencing an unintended pregnancy are also more likely to have birth complications. Some studies even tie unintended pregnancy to preeclampsia and postpartum hemorrhage, both major causes of maternal death. Girls are also significantly more likely to develop an obstetric fistula, a condition where a tear in the birth canal leads a woman to leak faces or urine. Despite making up 10% of all unintended births, girls account for 25% of obstetric fistula cases.

For young mothers who survive pregnancy and birth, they are also likely to suffer from the consequences of an early pregnancy throughout their entire lives. Often, young mothers will have to drop out of school and become financially dependent on their partners. Furthermore, a significant portion of teen mothers will have a second child while they are still a child themselves, perpetuating this cycle even further.

*The taboos around providing sexual and reproductive health information contributed to Aorn’s pregnancy at age 14. © UN News/Daniel Dickinson*

What UNFPA is doing to give adolescents a choice

We’re working to give women and girls the chance to choose if and when to get pregnant — no matter what. As the leading United Nations agency for sexual and reproductive rights, we’re addressing the issue of adolescent pregnancy by working to end incidents of violence against women and distributing family planning to all people.

Some examples of our work to empower women and girls to plan their pregnancies includes:

– Providing women and girls with the full range of family planning options, such as condoms, birth control pills, IUDS, and even male vasectomies.

– Reaching women and girls with comprehensive sex education, so they can make informed choices about their bodies

– Strengthening supply chains so women and girls always have access to family planning – even during emergencies.

In 2022, we helped 13.3 million women and girls prevent unintended pregnancies and distributed over 1 billion condoms. If you would like to learn more about our work to empower women and girls, you can read more here.